KIM-1

Just like the MK-14, the KIM-1 is also an iconic card from the second half of the 1970s.

And it too is unfortunately impossible to find, and as with its replicas, when one is for sale, the price is exorbitant!
So acquiring a KIM-1, VIM-1, SYM-1, PAL-1, Micro-Kim... is practically impossible!

Yet the 6502 processor had its heyday and still has many fans, judging by the numerous websites dedicated to this processor and its uses.

To name just one :

6502.org...

KIM-1

SYM-1

PAL-1

Micro-KIM

Corsham

Replicas

KIM-UNO

Fortunately, it is still possible to program today in 6502 assembly language on a replica of the KIM-1.

Indeed, a "modern" version called KIM-UNO, based on an Arduino Pro Mini, is available at a reasonable cost.

The KIM-UNO can be found on online marketplaces in a pre-assembled version or can be built using the instructions provided on the website:

Kim-Uno...

Kim Uno (another version)...

Available for sale on ...	Seller
https://www.ebay.fr/itm/395132018996	retrobit4004
https://www.ebay.fr/itm/188288162851	C64mk2
https://www.ebay.fr/itm/168258565305	bart1175

The KIM-UNO can be connected to a PC via a Serial/USB cable.

Serial USB

The multiple features accessible via a "Terminal" program (Putty, TeraTerm, RealTerm, Coolterm...) are described in the "Kim-Uno" manual..

KIM Uno Manual

KIM-UNO

KIM-UNO Manual

KIM-NANO

The website "obsolescence" mentions the possibility of using an Arduino without a keyboard or LED display, with only a Serial/USB interface and a terminal program.

Obsolescence...

So I adapted the latest 2020 version of KIM-UNO for Arduino Pro Mini / Atmega328P to create a version for Arduino Nano (and also Arduino Uno) usable via the serial port with Hyperterm or TeraTerm.

(See page KIM-NANO)

KIM-NANO

6502 Microprocessor Kit

A "6502 Microprocessor Kit" card is also available on the web.

This board, from Professor Kswichit Sirichote, is for sale on ebay and all information about it is on the website "kswichit.net".

kswichit.net - 6502 Microprocessor Kit...

ebay - 6502 Microprocessor Kit...

Youtube - 6502 Microprocessor Kit

6502 Microprocessor Kit Manual

6502 Microprocessor Kit

KIM-1 Emulator - Mobile

Admittedly, this "Online" emulator version for smartphones isn't a "replica"...
But when the emulator appears in the smartphone's browser, the impression of holding a KIM-1 replica is very real.
Programs in "Papertape" format can be imported by copy/paste.
Yet another creation from Maksim Korzh, who is clearly inexhaustible on the subject of KIM-1.

Github maksimKorzh KIM-1...

KIM-1 Mobile...

Youtube: Programming......

KIM-1 Mobile

Overlay for KIM-UNO

Since the markings corresponding to the keys are easily readable on the KIM-UNO board, a keyboard overlay wasn't really necessary...
Especially since entering hexadecimal programs can be done using a PC keyboard in "keypad" mode within a "Terminal" program.

Keypad mode

Télécharger le PDF
KIM-UNO Keyboard Box
(01/01/1970)

without overlay

with overlay

Emulator / Assembler

There are many tools available for assembling 6502 programs and emulating KIM-1 boards.

Some require either complex installations or specific runtime environments.

Others are installed simply via a zip file, and many can be used online through a browser.

Virtual 6502 / Assembler (online)

Emulator / assembler / disassembler by Norbert Landsteiner

www.masswerk.at/6502 - Emulator...

www.masswerk.at/6502 - Assembler...

www.masswerk.at/6502 - Disassembler...

KIM-1 emulator (online)

Emulator / assembler / disassembler by Maksim Korzh

https://maksimkorzh.github.io/KIM-1/...

https://github.com/maksimKorzh/KIM-1...

6502 assembler and simulator (to download)

Simulator / assembler / disassembler by Nick Morgan

https://github.com/skilldrick/6502js...

https://github.com/skilldrick/easy6502...

6502/65C02 Assembler / simulator (to install)

Simulator / assembler / disassembler by Michal Kowalski

https://sbc.rictor.org/kowalski.html...

KIM-1 Simulator (to install)

Simulator by Hans Otten

http://retro.hansotten.nl/ ... /kim-1-simulator/...

Soft6502 (to install)

Simulator by Charles R. Bond

http://www.crbond.com/6502.html...

Programs

KIM-UNO		6502 Kit
	Kaprekar's constant		Kaprekar's constant
	Fibonacci number		Fibonacci number
	Fibonacci number (16 bits)		Fibonacci number (16 bits)
	Fibonacci number (128 bits)		Fibonacci number (128 bits)
	Greatest Common Divisor		Greatest Common Divisor
	Random number generator		Random number generator
	Addition (16 bits)		Addition (16 bits)
	Addition (32 bits)		Addition (32 bits)
	Multiplication (16 bits)		Multiplication (16 bits)
	Multiplication (48 bits)		Multiplication (48 bits)
	Multiplication (64 bits)		Multiplication (64 bits)
	HELLO display		HELLO display
	Square root		Square of a number
	Factorial		Factorial
	Factorial (64 bits)		Factorial (64 bits)
	Factorial (128 bits)		Factorial (128 bits)
	Division (16 bits)		Division (16 bits)
	Print to terminal		LEDs: alternating display
	Day of the week		LEDs: scrolling
	Clock		LEDs: stacking
			Banner scrolling

Utility

From the Hex dumps delivered by the assembly programs, you will be able to convert the programs for the KIM-UNO to "Papertape format", and also for the 6502 Microprocessor Kit to "IntelHex" format.

Papertape Encoder/Decoder

(2026.05.11)

Conversions possibles :
	de	*Hex code*	vers	*IntelHex*
	de	*IntelHex*	vers	*Hex code*
	de	*Hex code*	vers	*Papertape*

Manuals

	KIM-1 User Manual (141 pages) MOS Technology MOS Technology Inc. 1976
	KIM-1 Programmer Manual (162 pages) MOS Technology MOS Technology Inc. 1976
	The First Book of KIM (178 pages) Jim Butterfield, Stan Ockers, Eric Rehnke Hayden Book Company 1978
	KIM Uno User Manual (27 pages) Obsolescence Obsolescence.wix.com 2014
	R 6500 Programming Manual (132 pages) Rockwell Rockwell International Corp. 1979
	SY6500/MCS6500 Programming manual (250 pages) Synertek Synertek 1976
	6502 Based Retrocomputer (33 pages) John 2021
	Manuel d'utilisation du KIM-1 (88 pages) Procep Procep 1976
	Micro-Kim Setup and user Manual (54 pages) Briel Computers Briel Computers 2007
	PAL-1 Microcomputer User Manual (14 pages) Liu Ganning KJXZZ 2020
	6502 User's Manual (306 pages) Joseph J. Carr Reston Publishing Company Inc. 1984
	Machine code for beginners (52 pages) Lisa Watts, Mike Wharton Usbome Publishing 1983
	Guide de l’assembleur et du microprocesseur (101 pages) Lisa Watts, Mike Wharton Hachette 1985
	L'assembleur facile du 6502 et du 6510 (157 pages) François Monteil Editions EYROLLES 1983
	Programmation du 6502 (381 pages) Rodnay Zaks SYBEX 1980
	Programming the 6502 (420 pages) Rodnay Zaks SYBEX 1983
	6502 Assembly Language Programming (283 pages) Judi N. Fernandez, Donna N. Tabler, Ruth Ashley John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1983
	6502 Assembly Language Programming (644 pages) Lance A. Leventhal OSBORNE/McGraw-Hili 1979
	Applications du 6502 (293 pages) Rodnay Zaks SYBEX 1980
	6502 Applications Book (292 pages) Rodnay Zaks SYBEX 1981
	Advanced 6502 Programming (302 pages) Rodnay Zaks SYBEX 1982
	Programming & Interfacing the 6502 (420 pages) Marvin L. De Jong Howard W. Sams & Co. 1983
	6502 Assembly Language Subroutines (562 pages) Lance A. Leventhal & Winthrop Saville Osborne/McGraw-Hill 1988
	Microcomputer Experimentation With The MOS Technology KIM-1 (478 pages) Lance A. Leventhal Prentice-Hall 1982
	6502 Machine Code For Humans (156 pages) Alan Tootill & David Barrow Granada Publishing 1984
	6502 Software Gourmet Guide & Cookbook (207 pages) Robert Findley SCELBI Publications 1979

Websites

Many websites are dedicated either to the 6502 processor, 6502-based boards, or modern KIM-1 replicas...

And there's no shortage of GitHub projects or YouTube videos!

retro.hansotten.nl: 6502 SBC...

retro.hansotten.nl: KIM-1...

obsolescence.wixsite: KIM-UNO...

Team 6502...

KIM-1 Enthusiasts Page...

Youtube: The KIM-1 Microcomputer - Part 1...

Youtube: The KIM-1 Microcomputer - Part 2...

Youtube: The KIM-1 Microcomputer - Part 3...

Youtube: KIM-UNO build and test...

Youtube: First program on KIM-UNO emulator...